Nutrient and Non-Nutrient Regulators of Insulin Secretion
This review explores how various nutrients and non-nutrient factors regulate insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells, highlighting mechanisms relevant to metabolic health.
Regulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells is central to maintaining glucose homeostasis and overall metabolic health. While glucose is recognized as the major driver of insulin release, this paper highlights established and emerging evidence regarding contributions from other nutrients, including amino acids, fatty acids, and alternative fuels, as well as non-nutrient factors in modulating both basal and postprandial insulin release.
The authors discuss molecular mechanisms underlying insulin release, specifically examining the roles of reactive oxygen species and the consequences of β-cell overwork. The review also addresses the physiological and pathophysiological significance of insulin secretion dynamics, including changes in β-cell mass and function across the lifespan, circadian and pulsatile patterns of secretion, and adaptive responses to metabolic stress.
Genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, pharmaceuticals, food additives, and lifestyle factors are identified as influences on insulin secretion that can contribute to hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic disease. The text reflects on how these multifactorial elements interact to shape the secretory profile of β-cells under varying conditions.
This review integrates evidence from both human in vitro studies and preclinical models to summarize the complex regulation of insulin secretion. By synthesizing current knowledge, the authors underscore its relevance for developing strategies to prevent and manage diabetes mellitus and related metabolic disorders.